16 TENSES BAHASA INGGRIS

16 TENSES DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

16 tenses dikelompokkan ke dalam 4 waktu utama (Present, Past, Future, Past Future) dan dalam setiap waktu dibagi menjadi 4 aspek (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous).

Konsep Dasar:

1. Nominal Sentence (Kalimat Nominal) : Kalimat yang tidak memiliki kata kerja (verb) utama. Menggunakan "to be" (is, am, are, was, were, be, been) diikuti kata benda, sifat, atau keterangan.

2. Verbal Sentence (Kalimat Verbal) : Kalimat yang memiliki kata kerja (verb) utama.

3. Kalimat Aktif: Subjek melakukan pekerjaan.

4. Kalimat Pasif: Subjek dikenai pekerjaan. Rumus: to be + Verb-3.

1. PRESENT

A. Simple Present Tense

Fungsi: Menyatakan kebiasaan, fakta, dan kebenaran umum.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: S + am/is/are + ...

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + V1 (s/es untuk he/she/it) + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

Kalimat Nominal

Bentuk Positif:

He is a loyal customer of that Soto Betawi stall.

(Hi iz ə ˈlɔɪəl ˈkʌstəmər ʌv ðæt ˈsoʊtoʊ bəˈtɑːwi stɔːl)

(Dia adalah pelanggan setia warung Soto Betawi itu.)

Bentuk Negatif:

He is not a loyal customer of that Soto Betawi stall.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Is he a loyal customer of that Soto Betawi stall?

Bertanya dengan kata (Why):

Why is he a loyal customer of that stall?

Kalimat Verbal

Bentuk Positif:

My mother usually cooks Soto Ayam every Sunday.

(Maɪ ˈmʌðər ˈjuːʒuəli kʊks ˈsoʊtoʊ ˈɑːjɑːm ˈɛvri ˈsʌndeɪ)

(Ibuku biasanya memasak Soto Ayam setiap Minggu.)

Bentuk Negatif:

My mother does not usually cook Soto Ayam every Sunday.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Does your mother usually cook Soto Ayam every Sunday?

Bertanya dengan kata (What):

What does your mother usually cook every Sunday?

Kalimat Pasif Positif:

Soto Ayam is usually cooked by my mother every Sunday.

(ˈsoʊtoʊ ˈɑːjɑːm iz ˈjuːʒuəli kʊkt baɪ maɪ ˈmʌðər ˈɛvri ˈsʌndeɪ)

(Soto Ayam biasanya dimasak oleh ibuku setiap Minggu.)

Kalimat Pasif Negatif:

Soto Ayam is not usually cooked by my mother every Sunday.

B. Present Continuous Tense

Fungsi: Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau rencana di masa depan yang sudah pasti.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: S + am/is/are + being + ...

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + am/is/are + V-ing + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

Kalimat Nominal

Bentuk Positif:

I am being very careful with my wallet at Kuta Beach.

(aɪ æm ˈbiːɪŋ ˈvɛri ˈkɛərfəl wɪð maɪ ˈwɑːlɪt æt ˈkuːtə biːʧ)

(Saya sedang sangat berhati-hati dengan dompetku di Pantai Kuta.)

Bentuk Negatif:

I am not being very careful with my wallet.

KALIMAT VERBAL

Bentuk Positif:

They are watching the Kecak dance at Uluwatu Temple right now.

(ðeɪ ɑːr ˈwɑːʧɪŋ ðə ˈkeɪʧæk dæns æt ˌuːluːˈwɑːtuː ˈtɛmpl raɪt naʊ)

(Mereka sedang menonton Tari Kecak di Pura Uluwatu sekarang.)

Bentuk Negatif:

They are not watching the Kecak dance.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Are they watching the Kecak dance?

Bertanya dengan kata (Where):

Where are they watching the Kecak dance?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The Kecak dance is being performed by the artists at Uluwatu Temple.

(ðə ˈkeɪʧæk dæns iz ˈbiːɪŋ pərˈfɔːrmd baɪ ði ˈɑːrtɪsts æt ˌuːluːˈwɑːtuː ˈtɛmpl)

(Tari Kecak sedang dipentaskan oleh para seniman di Pura Uluwatu.)

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Negatif:

The Kecak dance is not being performed right now.

C. Present Perfect Tense

Fungsi: Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai di waktu yang tidak spesifik di masa lampau, atau yang dampaknya masih terasa.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: S + have/has + been + ...

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + have/has + V3 + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

KALIMAT NOMINAL

Bentuk Positif:

She has been a batik enthusiast since she visited Solo.

(ʃi hæz bɪn ə ˈbætɪk ɛnˈθuːziæst sɪns ʃi ˈvɪzɪtɪd ˈsoʊloʊ)

(Dia telah menjadi penggemar batik sejak mengunjungi Solo.)

Bentuk Negatif:

She has not been a batik enthusiast for long.

KALIMAT VERBAL

Bentuk Positif:

I have tried making Batik Tulis in Yogyakarta.

(aɪ hæv traɪd ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈbætɪk ˈtuːlɪs ɪn ˌdʒɔɡdʒəˈkɑːrtə)

(Saya telah mencoba membuat Batik Tulis di Yogyakarta.)

Bentuk Negatif:

I have never tried making Batik Tulis.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Have you ever tried making Batik Tulis?

Bertanya dengan kata (What):

What have you tried making in Yogyakarta?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The beautiful Batik cloth has been bought by my aunt.

(ðə ˈbjuːtəfəl ˈbætɪk klɔːθ hæz bɪn bɔt baɪ maɪ ænt)

(Kain Batik yang cantik itu telah dibeli oleh bibiku.)

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Negatif:

The Batik cloth has not been bought by anyone yet.

D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Fungsi: Menyatakan aksi yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang, atau baru saja selesai.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: (Tidak umum untuk tense ini)

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + have/has + been + V-ing + ...

Contoh Kalimat:

KALIMAT VERBAL

Bentuk Positif:

The farmers have been waiting for the fertilizer subsidy since January.

(ðə ˈfɑːrmərz hæv ˈbɪn ˈweɪtɪŋ fɔːr ðə ˈfɜːrtɪlaɪzər ˈsʌbsɪdi sɪns ˈʤænjuˌɛri)

(Para petani telah menunggu subsidi pupuk sejak Januari.)

Bentuk Negatif:

The farmers have not been waiting for long.

Bentuk Interogatif: Have the farmers been waiting for the subsidy?

Bertanya dengan kata (How long): How long have they been waiting?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The new regulation has been being discussed by the parliament for weeks.

(ðə nuː ˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃən hæz bɪn ˈbiːɪŋ dɪˈskʌst baɪ ðə ˈpɑːrləmənt fɔːr wiːks)

(Regulasi baru telah dibahas oleh parlemen selama berminggu-minggu.)

Catatan: Kalimat pasif untuk tense ini sangat jarang digunakan.

2. PAST

A. Simple Past Tense

Fungsi: Menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi dan selesai di waktu spesifik di masa lampau.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: S + was/were + ...

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + V2 + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

KALIMAT NOMINAL

Bentuk Positif:

Soekarno and Hatta were the proclamators of Indonesia's independence.

(soʊˈkɑːrnoʊ ænd ˈhætə wɜr ðə ˌprɑkləˈmeɪtərz ʌv ˌɪndəˈniːʒəz ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns)

(Soekarno dan Hatta adalah para proklamator kemerdekaan Indonesia.)

Bentuk Negatif:

They were not the only heroes.

KALIMAT VERBAL

Bentuk Positif:

Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945.

(ˌɪndəˈniːʒə proʊˈkleɪmd ɪts ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns ɑːn ˈɔːɡəst ðə sɛˈvɛntinθ, naɪntin ˈfɔrti faɪv)

(Indonesia memproklamirkan kemerdekaannya pada 17 Agustus 1945.)

Bentuk Negatif:

It did not happen easily.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Did Indonesia proclaim its independence in 1945?

Bertanya dengan kata (When): When did Indonesia proclaim its independence?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The proclamation text was read by Soekarno.

(ðə ˌprɑkləˈmeɪʃən tɛkst wɑz rɛd baɪ soʊˈkɑːrnoʊ)

(Teks proklamasi dibacakan oleh Soekarno.)

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Negatif:

The text was not written in a fancy place.

B. Past Continuous Tense

Fungsi: Menyatakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung di waktu spesifik di masa lampau.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: S + was/were + being + ...

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + was/were + V-ing + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

KALIMAT NOMINAL

Bentuk Positif:

He was being very brave during the earthquake.

(hi wɑz ˈbiːɪŋ ˈvɛri breɪv ˈdʊrɪŋ ði ˈɜːrθkweɪk)

(Dia sedang sangat berani selama gempa bumi itu.)

Bentuk Negatif:

He was not being careless.

KALIMAT VERBAL

Bentuk Positif:

My family and I were eating dinner when the earthquake shook Lombok.

(maɪ ˈfæməli ænd aɪ wɜr ˈiːtɪŋ ˈdɪnər wɛn ði ˈɜːrθkweɪk ʃʊk ˈlɒmbɒk)

(Keluargaku dan aku sedang makan malam ketika gempa mengguncang Lombok.)

Bentuk Negatif:

We were not sleeping at that time.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Were you eating when the earthquake happened?

Bertanya dengan kata (What):

What were you doing when the earthquake happened?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The emergency aid was being distributed by the volunteers all night.

(ði ɪˈmɜːrʤənsi eɪd wɑz ˈbiːɪŋ dɪˈstrɪbjʊtɪd baɪ ðə ˌvɑlənˈtɪrz ɔːl naɪt)

(Bantuan darurat sedang didistribusikan oleh relawan sepanjang malam.)

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Negatif:

The main road was not being used because it was damaged.

C. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Fungsi: Menyatakan aksi yang sudah selesai sebelum aksi lain terjadi di masa lampau.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: S + had + been + ...

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + had + V3 + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

Kalimat Nominal

Bentuk Positif :

He had been a teacher in his village before he moved to Jakarta.

(hi hæd bɪn ə ˈtiːʧər ɪn hɪz ˈvɪlɪʤ bɪˈfɔːr hi muːvd tuː ʤəˈkɑːrtə)

(Dia telah menjadi seorang guru di desanya sebelum pindah ke Jakarta.)

Bentuk Negatif:

He had never been to a big city before.

Kalimat Verbal

Bentuk Positif:

She had saved enough money before she decided to continue her studies.

(ʃi hæd seɪvd ɪˈnʌf ˈmʌni bɪˈfɔːr ʃi dɪˈsaɪdɪd tuː kənˈtɪnjuː hɜːr ˈstʌdiz)

(Dia telah menabung cukup uang sebelum memutuskan untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya.)

Bentuk Negatif:

She had not told her parents yet.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Had she saved enough money before deciding?

Bertanya dengan kata (Why):

Why had she saved so much money?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The tickets had been booked online long before the concert day.

(ðə ˈtɪkɪts hæd bɪn bʊkt ˈɒnˈlaɪn lɔːŋ bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈkɑnsərt deɪ)

(Tiket-tiket telah dipesan online jauh sebelum hari konser.)

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Negatif:

The hotel room had not been paid for yet.

D. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Fungsi: Menekankan durasi suatu aksi yang telah berlangsung sebelum aksi lain di masa lampau terjadi.

Rumus Kalimat Nominal: (Tidak umum)

Rumus Kalimat Verbal: S + had + been + V-ing + ...

Contoh Kalimat :

KALIMAT VERBAL

Bentuk Positif:

The engineers had been working on the design for months before the construction of Monas started.

(ði ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪrz hæd ˈbɪn ˈwɜːrkɪŋ ɒn ðə dɪˈzaɪn fɔːr mʌnθs bɪˈfɔːr ðə kənˈstrʌkʃən ʌv ˈmoʊnæs ˈstɑːrtɪd)

(Para insinyur telah mengerjakan desainnya selama berbulan-bulan sebelum pembangunan Monas dimulai.)

Bentuk Negatif:

They had not been considering another location.

Bentuk Interogatif:

Had they been working on the design?

Bertanya dengan kata (How long):

How long had they been planning the project?

Kalimat Pasif Bentuk Positif:

The land had been being prepared for a year before the ceremony.

(ðə lænd hæd bɪn ˈbiːɪŋ prɪˈpɛrd fɔːr ə jɪər bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈsɛrəmoʊni)

(Tanahnya telah dipersiapkan selama setahun sebelum upacara.)

Catatan: Sekali lagi, bentuk pasifnya sangat jarang.

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16 TENSES BAHASA INGGRIS

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